Strings in pathname component values never contain special characters that represent separation between pathname fields, such as slash in Unix filenames. Whether separator characters are permitted as part of a string in a pathname component is implementation-defined; however, if the implementation does permit it, it must arrange to properly “quote” the character for the file system when constructing a namestring. For example,
;; In a TOPS-20 implementation, which uses ^V to quote (NAMESTRING (MAKE-PATHNAME :HOST "OZ" :NAME "<TEST>")) → #P"OZ:PS:^V<TEST^V>" not→ #P"OZ:PS:<TEST>"
Namestrings always use local file system case conventions, but Common Lisp functions that manipulate pathname components allow the caller to select either of two conventions for representing case in component values by supplying a value for the :case keyword argument. The next figure lists the functions relating to pathnames that permit a :case argument:
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Figure 19.2: Pathname functions using a :CASE argument
For the functions in Figure 19.2, a value of :local for the :case argument (the default for these functions) indicates that the functions should receive and yield strings in component values as if they were already represented according to the host file system's convention for case.
If the file system supports both cases, strings given or received as pathname component values under this protocol are to be used exactly as written. If the file system only supports one case, the strings will be translated to that case.
For the functions in Figure 19.2, a value of :common for the :case argument that these functions should receive and yield strings in component values according to the following conventions:
Note that these conventions have been chosen in such a way that translation from :local to :common and back to :local is information-preserving.
As a pathname component value,
nil
represents that the component is “unfilled”;
see Section 19.2.3 (Merging Pathnames).
The value of any pathname component can be nil
.
When constructing a pathname,
nil
in the host component might mean a default host
rather than an actual nil
in some implementations.
If :wild is the value of a pathname component, that component is considered to be a wildcard, which matches anything.
A conforming program must be prepared to encounter a value of :wild as the value of any pathname component, or as an element of a list that is the value of the directory component.
When constructing a pathname, a conforming program may use :wild as the value of any or all of the directory, name, type, or version component, but must not use :wild as the value of the host, or device component.
If :wild is used as the value of the directory component in the construction
of a pathname, the effect is equivalent to specifying the list
(:absolute :wild-inferiors)
,
or the same as (:absolute :wild)
in a file system that does not support
:wild-inferiors.
If :unspecific is the value of a pathname component, the component is considered to be “absent” or to “have no meaning” in the filename being represented by the pathname.
Whether a value of :unspecific is permitted for any component on any given file system accessible to the implementation is implementation-defined. A conforming program must never unconditionally use a :unspecific as the value of a pathname component because such a value is not guaranteed to be permissible in all implementations. However, a conforming program can, if it is careful, successfully manipulate user-supplied data which contains or refers to non-portable pathname components. And certainly a conforming program should be prepared for the possibility that any components of a pathname could be :unspecific.
When reading1 the value of any pathname component, conforming programs should be prepared for the value to be :unspecific.
When writing1 the value of any pathname component, the consequences are undefined if :unspecific is given for a pathname in a file system for which it does not make sense.
If a pathname is converted to a namestring,
the symbols nil
and :unspecific
cause the field to be treated as if it were empty.
That is,
both nil
and :unspecific
cause the component not to appear in the namestring.
However, when merging a pathname with a set of defaults,
only a nil
value for a component
will be replaced with the default for that component,
while a value of :unspecific
will be left alone as if the field were “filled”;
see the function merge-pathnames and Section 19.2.3 (Merging Pathnames).
Wildcard pathnames can be used with directory
but not with
open
,
and return true from wild-pathname-p
. When examining
wildcard components of a wildcard pathname, conforming programs
must be prepared to encounter any of the following additional values
in any component or any element of a list that is the directory component:
The space of possible objects that a conforming program must be prepared to read1
as the value of a pathname component is substantially larger than the space of possible objects that a conforming program is permitted to write1
into such a component.
While the values discussed in the subsections of this section, in Section 19.2.2.2 (Special Pathname Component Values), and in Section 19.2.2.3 (Restrictions on Wildcard Pathnames) apply to values that might be seen when reading the component values, substantially more restrictive rules apply to constructing pathnames; see Section 19.2.2.5 (Restrictions on Constructing Pathnames).
When examining pathname components, conforming programs should be aware of the following restrictions.
It is implementation-dependent what object is used to represent the host.
The device might be a string,
:wild, :unspecific, or nil
.
Note that :wild might result from an attempt to read1
the pathname component, even though portable programs are restricted from writing1 such a component value; see Section 19.2.2.3 (Restrictions on Wildcard Pathnames) and Section 19.2.2.5 (Restrictions on Constructing Pathnames).
The directory might be a string,
:wild, :unspecific, or nil
.
The directory can be a list of strings and symbols. The car of the list is one of the symbols :absolute or :relative , meaning:
A list whose car is the symbol :absolute represents
a directory path starting from the root directory. The list
(:absolute)
represents the root directory. The list
(:absolute "foo" "bar" "baz")
represents the directory called
"/foo/bar/baz"
in Unix (except possibly for case).
A list whose car is the symbol :relative represents
a directory path starting from a default directory.
The list (:relative)
has the same meaning as nil
and hence is not used.
The list (:relative "foo" "bar")
represents the directory named "bar"
in the directory named "foo"
in the default directory.
Each remaining element of the list is a string or a symbol.
Each string names a single level of directory structure. The strings should contain only the directory names themselves—no punctuation characters.
In place of a string, at any point in the list, symbols
can occur to indicate special file notations.
The next figure lists the symbols that have standard meanings.
Implementations are permitted to add additional objects
of any type that is disjoint from string
if necessary to represent features of their file systems that cannot be
represented with the standard strings and symbols.
Supplying any non-string, including any of the symbols listed below,
to a file system for which it does not make sense
signals an error of type file-error
.
For example, Unix does not support :wild-inferiors in most implementations.
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Figure 19.3: Special Markers In Directory Component
The following notes apply to the previous figure:
Using :absolute or :wild-inferiors
immediately followed by :up or :back
signals an error of type file-error
.
“Syntactic” means that the action of :back depends only on the pathname and not on the contents of the file system.
“Semantic” means that the action of :up depends on the contents of the file system; to resolve a pathname containing :up to a pathname whose directory component contains only :absolute and strings requires probing the file system.
:up differs from
:back only in file systems that support multiple
names for directories, perhaps via symbolic links. For example,
suppose that there is a directory
(:absolute "X" "Y" "Z")
linked to
(:absolute "A" "B" "C")
and there also exist directories
(:absolute "A" "B" "Q")
and
(:absolute "X" "Y" "Q")
.
Then
(:absolute "X" "Y" "Z" :up "Q")
designates
(:absolute "A" "B" "Q")
while
(:absolute "X" "Y" "Z" :back "Q")
designates
(:absolute "X" "Y" "Q")
In non-hierarchical file systems,
the only valid list values for the directory component of a pathname
are (:absolute
string)
and (:absolute :wild)
.
:relative directories and the keywords
:wild-inferiors, :up, and :back are not used
in non-hierarchical file systems.
The name might be a string,
:wild, :unspecific, or nil
.
The type might be a string,
:wild, :unspecific, or nil
.
The version can be any symbol or any integer.
The symbol :newest refers to the largest version number that already exists in the file system when reading, overwriting, appending, superseding, or directory listing an existing file. The symbol :newest refers to the smallest version number greater than any existing version number when creating a new file.
The symbols nil
, :unspecific, and :wild have special meanings and
restrictions; see Section 19.2.2.2 (Special Pathname Component Values) and Section 19.2.2.5 (Restrictions on Constructing Pathnames).
Other symbols and integers have implementation-defined meaning.
It is suggested, but not required, that implementations do the following:
When constructing a pathname from components, conforming programs must follow these rules:
nil
.
nil
in the host might mean a default host
rather than an actual nil
in some implementations.